REACHING INTO THE IONOSPHERE TO TALK TO SUBMARINES AND SAVE SATELLITES


Very low frequency (VLF) waves—3 kHz to 30 kHz—have numerous practical applications. They can penetrate deep into sea water, making it possible to communicate with submarines, and can clean up anomalous doses of radiation that can disable or shorten the life of expensive satellite equipment. (Such doses can be the result of nuclear testing or of traveling through the Van Allen radiation belts, zones of magnetically trapped, charged particles surrounding the Earth.

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